Terminology :
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the first software that runs when you power on your system, performing an initial pack of diagnostic tests (POST, or Power On Self-Test) to see if there are any issues with the hardware.
POST is the first step in your hardware's boot sequence. The machine won't continue with the boot sequence if the POST fails.
BIOS contains instructions on controlling various hardware components such as hard disks, keyboards, and display screens.
VBIOS (Video basic input/output system) is the BIOS of a graphics card in a computer.
VBIOS initializes the graphics card at the computer's boot time.
SBIOS (System Management BIOS):
Defines data structures that can be used to read management information produced by the BIOS of a computer.
SBIOS eliminates the need for the operating system to probe hardware directly to discover what devices are present in the computer
To check SBIOS version cmd: sudo dmidecode -s bios-version
UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a newer standard that replaces the legacy BIOS.
UEFI offers more features and benefits, such as faster boot times, better security, larger disk support, and graphical user interface.
Dynamic Kernel Module Support (DKMS) is a program/framework that enables generating Linux kernel modules whose sources generally reside outside the kernel source tree.
CMD: sudo dkms status This command will give GPU kernel & OS-kernel (C.P.U)
Ex:
CMD: uname -r This command will give OS-kernel only
Ex:
CMD: /usr/lib/modules/6.x.x-xx-generic/kernel/drivers
This is the OS kernel path where all the drivers (input / tty / Bluetooth / GPU/ PCI ..... ) will be located
What is Swap memory? and what is the purpose of Swap memory?
- Swap space (virtual memory) is a designated area on a hard drive that is used as an extension of physical memory (RAM).
- When the system's RAM becomes full, inactive pages are moved to the swap space, freeing up RAM for active processes
- While swap space can help machines with a small amount of RAM, it should not be considered a replacement for more RAM.
How do we check Swap memory in our machine?
commands to check swap memory: free -h or sudo swapon --show
the output of free -h :
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 125Gi 9.0Gi 113Gi 112Mi 2.8Gi 115Gi
the output of sudo swapon --show :
/dev/sda3 partition 93.1G 0B -2
Can we increase the swap memory? Ans: Yes.
How to increase/ resize swap memory? / How to increase Swap Space in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy?
Steps to add Swap area in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Linux
1. Check the current Swap Space
cmd: sudo swapon -s
result: if there is no swap memory means it will not show anything (empty)
otherwise shown as below
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/swapfile file 31457276 0 -2
2. Turn off Swap
cmd: sudo swapoff -a Command output shows: Nothing
3. Create a Swap file on Ubuntu 22.04 to increase the size
Note: While using the given command keep one thing in mind 40G means, 40GB of space you are about to allocate for Swap
cmd: sudo fallocate -l 40G /swapfile Command output shows: Nothing
4. Change file permission
cmd: sudo chmod 600 /swapfile Command output shows: Nothing
5. Mark SWAP space and activate it
cmd: sudo mkswap /swapfile
mkswap: /swapfile: warning: wiping old swap signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 100 GiB (107374178304 bytes)
no label, UUID=0764024e-ac01-4c29-91ab-bb64f7af33a3
cmd: sudo swapon /swapfile Command output shows: Nothing
Note: After activating, can you check whether the Swap space is added to your system? By using the below cmd.
cmd: sudo swapon -s or free -h
6. Set Ubuntu 22.04 SWAP file as permanent
cmd: echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
7. Set swap usage or swappiness
cmd: sysctl vm.swappiness Command output shows: vm.swappiness = 60
However, this change is forgotten by the system after a reboot unless the following is entered in the system file /etc/sysctl.conf:
cmd: sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf Command will open a file, at the end of the file add vm.swappiness = 60 then save the file with the help of the options shown there. just check again if your change is saved or not?
8. Now reload the sysctl configuration file
cmd: sudo sysctl -p
cmd: sudo reboot
for any clarification use this link: https://linux.how2shout.com/how-to-increase-swap-space-in-ubuntu-22-04-lts-jammy/#1_Check_current_Swap_Space.
How to avoid hanging issues on our laptops/Personal computers?
1. Delete unwanted /unnecessary files and folders 📂 in laptops /PCs 💻
We have to delete files & folders from 3 locations
a. Delete files & folders present in the prefetch folder
press windows+r type prefetch press Enter button ==> then try to delete all files & folders
b. Delete files & folders present in the temp folder
press windows+r type temp press Enter button ==> then try to delete all files & folders
c. Delete files & folders present in the %temp% folder
press windows+r type %temp% press Enter button ==> then try to delete all files & folders
d. Delete malicious softwares
press windows+r type MRT press Enter button ==> click on YES --> Next --> enable quick scan Radio button, automatically malicious softwares will be removed.
Request: If you find this information useful, please provide your valuable comments.