CPU & GPU Internel components with explanation

Terminology : 

VBIOS: Video basic input/output system is the BIOS of a graphics card in a computer. 
                    It initializes the graphics card at the computer's boot time.

Dynamic Kernel Module Support (DKMS) is a program/framework that enables generating Linux kernel modules whose sources generally reside outside the kernel source tree.  

CMD:  sudo dkms status   This  command will give GPU kernel & OS-kernel (C.P.U)

Ex: 

CMD:  uname -r    This  command will give OS-kernel only

Ex: 

CMD: /usr/lib/modules/6.x.x-xx-generic/kernel/drivers

This is the OS kernel path where all the drivers (input / tty / Bluetooth / GPU/ PCI ..... ) will be located

SBIOS

What is Swap memory?  and What is the purpose of Swap memory?

• Swap space (virtual memory) is a designated area on a hard drive that is used as an extension of physical memory (RAM). 
• When the system's RAM becomes full, inactive pages are moved to the swap space, freeing up RAM for active processes

• While swap space can help machines with a small amount of RAM, it should not be considered a replacement for more RAM.

 How do we check Swap memory in our machine?

   commands to check swap memory: free -h          or     sudo swapon --show

   the output of  free -h  : 

                     total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:           125Gi       9.0Gi       113Gi       112Mi       2.8Gi       115Gi

Swap:           93Gi          0B        93Gi

  

the output of   sudo swapon --show  : 

        

NAME      TYPE       SIZE USED PRIO

/dev/sda3 partition 93.1G   0B   -2

Can we increase the swap memory? Ans: Yes. 

How to increase/ resize swap memory? / How to increase Swap Space in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy?

Steps to add Swap area in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Linux

1. Check the current Swap Space

            cmd: sudo swapon -s 

            result: if there is no swap memory means it will not show anything (empty)

                        otherwise shown as below

                Filename                                Type            Size            Used            Priority

                /swapfile                               file            31457276        0               -2

2. Turn off Swap

            cmd: sudo swapoff -a                             Command output shows: Nothing 

3. Create a Swap file on Ubuntu 22.04 to increase the size

   Note: While using the given command keep one thing in mind 40G means, 40GB of space you are about to allocate for Swap       

            cmd: sudo fallocate -l 40G /swapfile        Command output shows: Nothing  

4. Change file permission

            cmd:  sudo chmod 600 /swapfile              Command output shows: Nothing  

5. Mark SWAP space and activate it

            cmd:  sudo mkswap /swapfile

                    mkswap: /swapfile: warning: wiping old swap signature.

                    Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 100 GiB (107374178304 bytes)

                    no label, UUID=0764024e-ac01-4c29-91ab-bb64f7af33a3

            cmd: sudo swapon /swapfile               Command output shows: Nothing 

        Note: After activating, can you check whether the Swap space is added to your system? By using the below cmd.

          cmd: sudo swapon -s     or     free -h

6. Set Ubuntu 22.04 SWAP file as permanent

            cmd:  echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

7. Set swap usage or swappiness

            cmd: sysctl vm.swappiness                  Command output shows:  vm.swappiness = 60

         However, this change is forgotten by the system after a reboot unless the following is entered in the system file /etc/sysctl.conf:

            cmd: sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf     Command will open a file, at the end of the file add vm.swappiness = 60  then save the file with the help of the options shown there. just check again if your change is saved or not?

       8. Now reload the sysctl configuration file

            cmd: sudo sysctl -p

            cmd: sudo reboot

for any clarification use this link: https://linux.how2shout.com/how-to-increase-swap-space-in-ubuntu-22-04-lts-jammy/#1_Check_current_Swap_Space 

How to avoid hanging issues on our laptops/Personal computers?

 1. Delete unwanted /unnecessary files and folders 📂 in laptops /PCs 💻 

    We have to delete files & folders from 3 locations

              a. Delete files & folders present in the prefetch folder

                  press windows+r  type prefetch press Enter button ==> then try to delete all files & folders  

   b. Delete files & folders present in the temp folder

                  press windows+r  type temp press Enter button ==> then try to delete all files & folders 

   c. Delete files & folders present in the %temp% folder

                  press windows+r  type %temp%  press Enter button  ==> then try to delete all files & folders  

Dockers and containers

What is docker?

Docker is an env/tool with its own OS+ user-space (related packages & modules) that resides on a bare-metal system and uses system HW/Kernel resources to serve a different purpose.

We must understand 3 environments (Bare metal,  Docker, virtualization)

·        Bare metal is one kind of environment where we test our GPUs directly

·        Docker is one kind of environment that is separated from Bare metal.

       Virtualization is software, that makes computing environments independent of physical infrastructure. In contrast, cloud computing is a service that delivers shared computing resources (software and/or data) on demand via the Internet.

·        If you launch Docker, it has its own user space with all dependent packages and its own OS.

The beauty of the docker concept :

    Docker doesn't rely on what OS is present on the machine. It's independent.

    You can run any docker, any machine. 

      Docker is controlled by a kernel space.

·        Kernel sitting very close to the hardware.                                                 

·        If Kernel space/Firmware is broken/crashed, we can’t do anything.

·        Both Bare-metal and Docker have the packages, Except Docker does not have kernel space. Docker will use kernel space which is available on the bare metal.

Ø   sudo dmesg: dmesg contains all kernel-related information (loading /unloading, module loading firmware loading. etc. lot of information).

Ø  sudo dmesg | grep -i error if you search like this it will give kernel/firmware-related error messages 

Ø  Any kernel-related error you want to see must run sudo dmesg from the home directory,

Ø  cd /var/log/ èin this folder the dmesg log file & other kernel log files are present.

èFirmware not loaded/ kernel crashed all information, You can use the command sudo dmesg | grep -i error to see the error messages.

commands related to dockers & containers

sudo docker pull <docker_name_based_on_OS> cmd will pull the specific doker into the machine

sudo docker images  ==> cmd will list the available dockers in the present machine

sudo docker rmi  -f  docker_id ==> cmd will delete a single specific docker in the present machine

sudo docker rmi  -f  docker_id_1 docker_id_2 docker_id_3 ==> Will delete multiple dockers

sudo docker ps -a ==> cmd will list the available containers in the present machine

sudo docker rm container_id ==>cmd will delete a single specific container present in the machine

sudo docker rm container_id_1 container_id_2 container_id_3 ==> will delete multiple containers

docker system prune -a   ==> It will clear space on your device by doing the following tasks 

     This command will remove: 

            - all stopped containers

            - all networks not used by at least one container

            - all images without at least one container associated with them

            - all build cache